Introduction
The realm of firearms boasts a rich history of innovation and craftsmanship, with certain models standing the test of time, becoming icons of their era. Among these enduring firearms, the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** shotgun holds a special place. Revered for its simplicity, dependability, and accessible price point, this double-barreled shotgun has served generations of hunters and shooters alike. This article delves into the history, features, and enduring appeal of the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel**, exploring what makes it a classic in the world of shotguns. We’ll examine its construction, how it handles, the types of game it can be used for, and why it remains a sought-after firearm for both practical and collecting purposes.
A Look Back at History and Beginnings
To truly understand the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel**, we must first journey back in time. The J. Stevens Arms Company, the manufacturer of this iconic shotgun, played a significant role in American firearms history. Founded in the mid-19th century, the company initially specialized in precision rifles before expanding its product line. Stevens was known for producing quality firearms at competitive prices, a philosophy that would become a hallmark of the Model 311.
The Model 311 itself was introduced during an era of rapid industrialization and expansion. It came to be a popular choice for those seeking a reliable and affordable shotgun, making it accessible to a wide range of individuals. Production began in the early 20th century and continued for many years, cementing its place in the American sporting landscape.
The Model 311 quickly gained recognition for its sturdy design and user-friendly operation. Its popularity was fueled by its relatively low cost compared to more expensive European-made shotguns, making it a practical option for farmers, hunters, and those seeking a basic yet functional firearm. Throughout its production run, the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** underwent minor modifications and improvements, but the core design remained remarkably consistent, a testament to its inherent effectiveness.
Dissecting Its Design: Features and Specifications
A closer examination of the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** reveals its straightforward and practical design. The heart of this shotgun lies in its robust construction. The 12-gauge chambering, the most common configuration, offers a versatile platform for a wide array of hunting and sporting applications.
The action, the mechanism that houses and operates the internal components, is a break-action design. This means the barrels hinge open at the breech end, allowing for easy loading and unloading. The double-barrel configuration, where two barrels are mounted side-by-side, allows the shooter to quickly fire two shots without manually cycling a pump-action or semi-automatic mechanism. This provides a distinct advantage when quick follow-up shots are needed, particularly for game birds or in situations where multiple targets are present.
Barrel lengths varied, with common options including lengths in the vicinity of twenty-six inches, twenty-eight inches, and thirty inches. The specific barrel length often determined the shotgun’s intended use, with shorter barrels favored for close-range hunting and longer barrels providing a more open pattern at distance. The choice of barrel length, along with the choke configuration, significantly impacts the effective range and spread of the shot.
Speaking of chokes, the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** typically featured fixed chokes. These constrictions at the muzzle regulate the shot pattern. Common configurations included Modified and Full chokes, which offered versatility for different shooting scenarios. Modified chokes offer a balance between range and spread, while Full chokes concentrate the shot for longer-range accuracy.
The stock and forend, the wooden or composite components that provide the user with a grip and support, were typically crafted from either walnut or hardwood. These materials provided a comfortable and durable grip. The style was classic and functional. The forend, located beneath the barrels, protects the hands from heat generated during firing and provides added stability.
The overall weight and dimensions of the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** were relatively manageable, making it easy to carry in the field. These features contributed to its appeal as an everyday hunting shotgun.
Performance: What to Expect in Action
When it comes to performance, the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** truly shines in its simplicity. The shotgun is renowned for its reliability. Its basic mechanical design, without intricate mechanisms, reduced the likelihood of malfunctions, making it a dependable choice for hunters and shooters who demanded consistent operation.
Handling the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** is generally considered easy and intuitive. The weight, balance, and overall feel contribute to a user-friendly experience, making it comfortable to carry and operate. The break-action design allows for quick and easy loading and unloading.
Recoil, the force felt against the shoulder when the shotgun is fired, is a factor to consider with any 12-gauge shotgun. While the Model 311 isn’t designed with sophisticated recoil-reducing features, the weight of the gun helps to mitigate recoil to some degree. Proper stance, shouldering technique, and grip can further enhance the shooting experience and reduce the perceived recoil.
The trigger, the mechanism that releases the firing pin, offers a typical pull. While not known for a super-light or crisp trigger pull, it is generally adequate for its intended purpose of hunting and recreational shooting.
Versatile Applications in the Field
The **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** has proven its worth in a variety of applications. One of its primary uses is for hunting. Its double-barrel configuration makes it well-suited for pursuing upland birds, such as grouse, pheasant, and quail. The ability to quickly fire a second shot is a significant advantage when birds flush in rapid succession or when dealing with a wounded bird. The choice of choke allows for different patterns to accommodate distances.
The **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** is also used effectively for hunting waterfowl, such as ducks and geese. With the right shot size and choke, this shotgun can deliver effective patterns at moderate ranges. While not specifically designed for extreme range, it is a viable option for hunters who want a simple, yet dependable, shotgun.
For those interested in small game hunting, the Model 311 is a good choice. It can effectively take down rabbits, squirrels, and other small animals. The versatility of the 12-gauge platform allows it to handle a range of ammunition types.
Important Note Regarding Home Defense
The **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel**, while a capable firearm, is *generally not the ideal choice for home defense* due to its inherent limitations. While technically usable, the manual action is slower than semi-automatic shotguns. Its fixed chokes might also limit its usefulness in close quarters. Home defense is a complex topic that requires careful consideration, training, and understanding of local laws. This article is not intended to provide guidance on home defense, and it is the sole responsibility of the individual to assess their particular situation and choose the appropriate course of action. If you’re considering using a firearm for home defense, you must receive proper training.
Value and Collectibility: A Timeless Investment
The **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** holds both practical value and collectibility. Its affordable price when new, coupled with its reliability, made it a popular choice for many. The current market value of the Model 311 depends on several factors, with the most significant being condition. Shotguns in excellent condition, with minimal wear and tear, naturally command a higher price than those that have seen extensive use.
Collectibility is another key factor. The Model 311 is considered a classic shotgun, and well-preserved examples are prized by collectors. Several features influence its desirability for collectors. Variations, such as those with unique stock designs, special engravings, or different chamberings, can increase the value. The rarity of certain models or configurations also influences the price.
Addressing Common Issues and Practicing Good Maintenance
Like any mechanical device, the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** can occasionally experience issues. Some common problems include a loose action, caused by wear and tear on the hinge pins or locking mechanism. Extraction issues can arise, in which the spent cartridge cases get stuck in the chambers.
Preventive maintenance is essential. The key to keeping your **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** in good working order is regular cleaning and lubrication. After each shooting session, the shotgun should be thoroughly cleaned. This involves removing any dirt, debris, and powder residue from the barrels, action, and other components. A good-quality gun cleaning solvent and appropriate brushes are necessary.
Proper lubrication is crucial. Applying a light coat of gun oil to the moving parts helps to reduce friction and prevent corrosion. The hinge pins, locking mechanism, and trigger components should be lubricated periodically.
Safety is paramount. Always treat the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** as if it is loaded, even if you believe it to be empty. Always point the muzzle in a safe direction, and never point the gun at anything you do not intend to shoot.
Other Shotgun Choices
While the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** is a great shotgun, there are other excellent options. Other vintage double-barreled shotguns can be found, like some models from Iver Johnson, or earlier Savage models. Consider your intended use when choosing a shotgun, carefully weighing aspects of price, features, and style.
Concluding Thoughts
The **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** is more than just a firearm; it is a testament to a bygone era of craftsmanship and a symbol of reliability. Its enduring popularity is a reflection of its functional design, affordability, and the satisfaction it provides to both hunters and shooters. Whether you are seeking a reliable tool for hunting, a classic piece for your collection, or simply a well-made firearm to enjoy at the range, the **Stevens Model 311 12 Gauge Double Barrel** offers a compelling combination of features and value. If you have the opportunity to handle or own one, it is easy to see why this shotgun remains a favorite. Remember to always prioritize firearm safety. Proper handling, storage, and responsible use are essential for the enjoyment of any firearm.
