Introduction
The world of shotguns can seem complex, a labyrinth of gauges, shells, and chokes. For those new to the sport, or even for experienced shooters, a fundamental question often arises: how do the different shell sizes compare? One of the most common points of confusion revolves around the 12 gauge and 20 gauge shotguns. It’s a question that often crops up: Is 12 gauge bigger than 20 gauge? The answer, surprisingly, isn’t always intuitive. This article aims to demystify the world of shotgun gauges, focusing on the key differences between the two most popular sizes, and helping you understand which might be right for you.
Shotguns, unlike rifles, fire multiple projectiles (shot) with each pull of the trigger, making them ideal for various applications, from hunting birds to home defense. Understanding the basics of shotgun shell sizes is crucial for safe and effective use. But what do these seemingly arbitrary numbers, like 12 and 20, actually *mean*?
Understanding Shotgun Gauge
Shotgun shells are classified by their gauge, a system that can seem counter-intuitive at first. The gauge of a shotgun doesn’t refer to a measurement in inches or millimeters directly. Instead, it relates to the size of the bore (the inside diameter of the barrel) and is rooted in a historical system.
This system’s origins lie in the days of muzzle-loading firearms. Imagine a solid sphere of lead, perfectly round, that just fits the bore of the gun. Now, envision how many such lead spheres, of the same diameter, can be made from one pound of lead. The gauge number is the number of those spheres.
For example, a 12-gauge shotgun uses a bore diameter that is equivalent to the diameter of a lead sphere of the same diameter, where twelve such spheres, made from one pound of lead, would fit inside the bore. A 20-gauge shotgun, in turn, has a smaller bore diameter, corresponding to twenty such spheres. This means that the lower the gauge number, the larger the bore diameter. This also implies that the larger the bore, the larger the volume available to hold the shot payload. So, when answering the question, “Is 12 gauge bigger than 20 gauge?”, the answer is a definitive yes.
Understanding the mechanics of the gauge system clarifies a few key concepts. The diameter of the bore directly impacts the size of the shell, the weight of the shot load it can carry, and the resulting performance of the firearm. Let’s dig deeper to compare the most common gauges of them all, which is where we start by comparing 12 gauge vs 20 gauge.
Comparing 12 Gauge and 20 Gauge
Let’s delve into the physical attributes and characteristics of both shell types. We can then see how this impacts their relative performance.
Shell Dimensions and Characteristics
A crucial component of this comparison is their physical dimensions. A 12 gauge shell has a larger diameter than a 20 gauge. While specific measurements can vary slightly based on the manufacturer and the shell length, the general differences are clear. In terms of bore diameter, a 12 gauge bore is approximately 0.729 inches, while a 20 gauge is approximately 0.615 inches. The 12 gauge shells generally have a length of either 2.75 inches or 3 inches, while the 20 gauge will often be available in 2.75 inches only. The 20 gauge shell’s overall dimensions, from the rim to the tip of the crimped casing, are also slightly smaller than that of a 12 gauge.
These size differences translate to a greater internal volume within a 12 gauge shell. This larger capacity lets a 12 gauge shell hold a significantly larger payload of shot. The shell’s dimensions also determine how much powder is needed to propel the shot load down the barrel, affecting the felt recoil. 12 gauge shotguns generally exhibit more felt recoil, and it’s often much more noticeable.
We should also consider the visual difference. If you were to set a 12 gauge shell and a 20 gauge shell side by side, the 12 gauge would clearly be wider. The difference in their overall length is less pronounced, but still visible. This difference is important, as it directly influences the amount of shot, as well as the powder, that can be loaded into the shell.
Performance Differences
This difference in shell size and internal capacity directly impacts how each shotgun performs. The larger bore and greater payload of a 12 gauge shotgun typically enable a more expansive shot pattern and longer effective range. More shot, after all, means more chances of hitting the target, and the additional shot will also stay together over distance.
The 20 gauge, with its smaller shell, has a narrower pattern. This is not necessarily a disadvantage. It excels in close-quarters shooting, making it great for small game like rabbits, squirrels, or for youth hunters. Furthermore, the smaller size of the shell contributes to the fact that a 20 gauge gun will have less recoil, a characteristic that makes it especially friendly to those learning to shoot or to the smaller-framed shooter.
The pattern density, or the concentration of shot within the pattern at a given range, also differs. A 12 gauge, with its larger payload, can often create a denser pattern at longer ranges. This is highly beneficial for hunting larger game or for clay shooting.
However, 20 gauge shotguns are not to be underestimated. In the hands of a skilled shooter, a 20 gauge can be incredibly effective at the ranges it is designed for, and is often more than adequate for hunting purposes. The slightly reduced recoil can also allow for faster follow-up shots, which is important when shooting moving targets. The key takeaway is this: The 12 gauge generally offers increased range and power, while the 20 gauge is often easier to handle, and is more convenient for its specific applications.
Considerations for Choosing a Gauge
Choosing the correct shotgun gauge is not just a matter of size; it’s a decision that should be based on the intended application, your physical attributes, and your personal preferences. The choice should be an informed one.
Intended Use
The intended use is probably the most important factor. Are you planning to hunt deer or waterfowl? A 12 gauge, with its greater power and range, might be the superior choice. Are you primarily interested in hunting smaller game, or are you seeking a lighter, easier-to-handle shotgun for sporting clays? A 20 gauge might be a better fit. Knowing what kind of target you’re going for is the first step.
Physical Factors
Physical characteristics play a significant role. The weight and recoil of a shotgun can vary considerably based on the gauge and the loads used. 12 gauge shotguns, especially when firing heavier loads, can generate substantial recoil. This can be problematic for shooters who are smaller, less experienced, or recoil-sensitive. A 20 gauge generally offers a more manageable recoil, making it a better option for these individuals. A lighter 20 gauge shotgun will also be easier to carry in the field all day.
Furthermore, the shotgun’s ergonomics and fit also matter. A shotgun that fits you well will make you more accurate and comfortable to shoot. This will also depend on the shooter’s frame and physical build. A smaller person may be more comfortable and accurate with a 20 gauge.
Ammunition and Cost
Consider the long-term costs associated with each gauge as well. While both 12 and 20 gauge ammunition are readily available, prices may vary. The 12 gauge often has a more extensive selection of loads to choose from, offering a wider variety of shot sizes and shell types, which can be useful if you engage in a broad range of activities. Generally, the most common gauges, 12 and 20, are both cost-effective. Availability, in general, will be more widespread for the 12 gauge.
Conclusion
So, to re-emphasize the key takeaways, the 12 gauge shell, when answering the question, “Is 12 gauge bigger than 20 gauge?” holds a larger diameter and overall volume. It also packs more shot and powder, translating to greater effective range and a more potent impact. However, the 20 gauge, though smaller, offers the benefit of reduced recoil and can be easier to handle.
The choice of which gauge is appropriate is never simply a matter of choosing the “best” size. It’s a matter of selecting the appropriate tool for the job and the shooter’s personal preferences. The correct choice should be based on your intended use, your physical abilities, and your shooting experience. By understanding the differences between the 12 and 20 gauges, you can make a well-informed decision and be safe while doing so. Whether you choose a 12 gauge or a 20 gauge, the most important thing is to practice safe gun handling and enjoy the sport responsibly.
