A Look at the History and Development
450 Bushmaster
Understanding the origins of these cartridges provides valuable context. The 450 Bushmaster is a relative newcomer, born from a modern need. Created by Tim LeGendre of Bushmaster Firearms in the early 2000s, it was specifically designed for use in AR-15 platforms. The primary goal was to provide a hard-hitting, straight-walled cartridge that complied with hunting regulations in states that restricted bottlenecked cartridges. This clever engineering resulted in a cartridge that delivers impressive power at relatively short ranges, quickly becoming a popular choice. Its clean design and ability to function within the widely-available AR-15 format have fueled its popularity.
444 Marlin
The 444 Marlin, on the other hand, is a product of the mid-1960s. Introduced by Marlin Firearms in 1964, it was conceived as a significant step up from the venerable 30-30 Winchester, providing hunters with increased power and range from a lever-action rifle. The 444 Marlin was specifically designed to deliver the punch of a big-bore cartridge with a flat trajectory for the lever-action. The cartridge’s original design also included a rebated rim, meaning that its rim is smaller in diameter than the case body, which allows it to be used in standard bolt faces.
45 70 Government
Finally, the 45 70, a cartridge that echoes with history, is a true legend. Adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873, the “45-70 Government” (as it was originally designated) was a black powder cartridge designed for the single-shot Springfield Model 1873 rifle. It played a critical role in the settling of the American West and earned its reputation for being a formidable and effective cartridge. The 45 70‘s legacy endures, having evolved over time to embrace modern smokeless powder loads that dramatically increase its ballistic potential. The history of the 45 70 is intertwined with iconic rifles and epic tales of the American frontier, making it a cartridge of considerable historical and cultural significance.
Exploring Ballistics: Velocity, Energy, and Trajectory
Velocity and Energy
The core difference between these cartridges lies in their performance characteristics. Comparing these across the board gives a better understanding of each cartridge. The 450 Bushmaster consistently boasts a higher muzzle velocity than the 444 Marlin, typically pushing a 250-grain bullet to around 2200-2250 feet per second. This velocity advantage translates to a flatter trajectory and a longer effective range than the 444 Marlin.
The 444 Marlin generally offers a good balance. This cartridge typically launches a 240-grain bullet at around 2400 feet per second. While its muzzle velocity is lower than the 450 Bushmaster, it still packs a significant punch. However, the 444 Marlin does have more bullet drop, particularly at longer distances.
The 45 70, despite its historic roots, can be loaded with a wide variety of loads. Modern 45 70 cartridges and rifles can produce impressive results. Muzzle velocities vary significantly depending on the bullet weight and powder charge, but generally, a 405-grain bullet travels around 1300-1500 feet per second. Even though it can be loaded up with a lot of different bullet weights, the 45 70 still drops quickly. Its heavier bullets and slower velocities result in a more pronounced trajectory drop at longer distances. This requires careful holdover compensation at extended ranges.
Regarding energy, the 450 Bushmaster and 444 Marlin produce comparable energy at the muzzle, delivering substantial stopping power. The 45 70, especially when loaded with heavy bullets, can generate considerably more energy at the muzzle than either the 450 Bushmaster or the 444 Marlin.
Effective Range
Ultimately, the choice depends on the intended application. The 450 Bushmaster, with its flatter trajectory, excels at medium-range engagements, especially in scenarios where hunting regulations limit cartridge design. The 444 Marlin provides good performance within a relatively compact package. The 45 70, thanks to modern loads, delivers tremendous power but requires a better understanding of trajectory.
Firearm Platforms: Choosing the Right Rifle
450 Bushmaster Platforms
The rifle platform significantly influences a cartridge’s appeal. The 450 Bushmaster is most commonly found in AR-15 style rifles, making it a favorite among those who already own an AR-15 platform. Conversions and complete rifles are readily available, offering the user a familiar operating system with a considerable power upgrade. Bolt-action rifles are another platform, with many manufacturers including the 450 Bushmaster in their offerings.
444 Marlin Platforms
The 444 Marlin is strongly associated with lever-action rifles, with Marlin and Henry being the most popular manufacturers chambering this cartridge. The lever-action design, with its sleek handling and fast follow-up shots, is a classic choice for hunters who enjoy the old-school method of hunting.
45 70 Platforms
The 45 70 enjoys the widest array of rifle platforms. Lever-action rifles remain popular. Both Marlin and Henry offer several 45 70 rifles. Bolt-action rifles are also common, and single-shot rifles, the original platform for this cartridge, are still manufactured by companies like CVA. This variety of platforms makes the 45 70 extremely versatile.
Ammunition: Availability and Cost
450 Bushmaster Ammunition
Ammunition availability and cost are critical considerations. The 450 Bushmaster enjoys good ammunition availability, particularly in North America. It’s found in most larger retailers and online suppliers. The straight-walled design often makes it easier to find in states where cartridge restrictions exist. Prices are generally in line with other specialty hunting cartridges.
444 Marlin Ammunition
The 444 Marlin ammunition supply may vary. While widely available online, it might not be as common in local stores as the 450 Bushmaster or 45 70. The demand is good, and the availability is reasonable.
45 70 Ammunition
The 45 70 has an excellent availability, reflecting its long history and continued popularity. Numerous manufacturers produce a wide range of loads, allowing hunters to tailor their cartridge to various hunting scenarios. Ammunition costs are usually comparable to the other options.
Hunting Applications: Matching Cartridge to Game
Game Suitability
The best cartridge choice hinges on the type of game and hunting conditions. The 450 Bushmaster is highly effective for deer, black bear, and feral hogs at short to medium ranges (out to approximately 200 yards). Its relatively flat trajectory and potent energy make it ideal for brushy environments or stands.
The 444 Marlin also excels as a deer, black bear, and even elk hunting round at ranges out to about 250 yards. It’s proven reliable for whitetail hunting.
The 45 70‘s versatility makes it suitable for a vast range of game, from deer and black bear to elk, moose, and even larger game such as brown bear and dangerous game. The cartridge’s ability to take down bigger animals comes from its wide range of bullet weights and the penetration provided by heavier bullets.
Pros and Cons: A Balanced Perspective
450 Bushmaster Pros and Cons
The 450 Bushmaster boasts several advantages. It is well-suited for AR-15 platforms, delivers good power at reasonable ranges, and is often compliant with state hunting regulations. On the downside, it is limited in range and may not perform as well on the very largest of game animals.
444 Marlin Pros and Cons
The 444 Marlin brings a classic lever-action experience, delivers good performance on medium and large game, and provides reasonable range capabilities. It does, however, have a steeper trajectory compared to the 450 Bushmaster, and the availability of ammunition can sometimes vary.
45 70 Pros and Cons
The 45 70 is known for its historical significance and incredible versatility. It is capable of handling a wide range of game, and a plethora of ammunition options exist. The recoil can be substantial. The trajectory requires significant compensation at extended ranges.
Concluding Thoughts
Choosing between the 450 Bushmaster, 444 Marlin, and 45 70 ultimately depends on individual preferences, hunting situations, and game species. For hunters wanting a modern platform and effective short-range performance, the 450 Bushmaster presents a compelling option. If you appreciate lever-action rifles, then the 444 Marlin offers a classic feel and good performance. If you value versatility, power, and historical appeal, then the 45 70 remains a solid choice. Carefully assess your needs and explore the options before making your decision, and always prioritize ethical hunting practices.
