Understanding Shotgun Gauges
What is Gauge?
Unlike rifles, which are commonly measured by their bullet diameter, shotgun gauges refer to the diameter of the barrel’s bore. The gauge system originated in the United Kingdom in the 17th century, based on how many lead balls of a specific diameter could be made from a pound of lead. For instance, a 12-gauge shotgun barrel has a bore diameter that’s equivalent to the diameter of a lead ball that weighs 1/12th of a pound. A 20-gauge barrel’s diameter is slightly smaller, and a 28-gauge barrel is even smaller still. The .410 bore, on the other hand, is not measured by gauge but by its actual bore diameter (0.410 inches).
Exploring the Common Gauges
The 12 Gauge
Often considered the workhorse of the shotgun world, the 12 gauge is the most popular choice, and for good reason. Its popularity translates to a huge variety of ammunition readily available in nearly every conceivable shot size, load weight, and price point. This versatility makes it an excellent choice for a wide range of upland game birds, from smaller quail and dove to larger pheasant and grouse. The 12 gauge offers a substantial payload of shot, resulting in greater pellet counts downrange, increasing the likelihood of a clean and effective kill, particularly at longer distances. The power of the 12 gauge allows hunters to employ a variety of chokes and shot types for different hunting scenarios, making it very adaptable. However, this power comes with trade-offs. 12 gauge shotguns typically weigh more than smaller gauges, which can become fatiguing during a long day of chasing birds. The recoil, too, is generally more significant, which can affect accuracy and shooting comfort, especially for new hunters or those who are recoil-sensitive. Weighing these factors is essential to decide if the 12 gauge is the best gauge for upland hunting in your case.
The 20 Gauge
Often considered a step down from the 12 gauge, the 20 gauge provides a balance of power, weight, and recoil. It’s a popular choice among both seasoned hunters and those seeking a more manageable experience. 20 gauge shotguns are generally lighter and easier to handle than their 12-gauge counterparts, which translates to less fatigue in the field. Recoil is also considerably reduced, making the 20 gauge a comfortable option for extended shooting sessions. The 20 gauge, while still offering considerable power, sacrifices a bit of range and pellet count compared to the 12 gauge. However, advances in ammunition technology have significantly improved the performance of 20 gauge shells, making them increasingly competitive for upland hunting applications. The 20 gauge shines as an excellent all-around choice, offering sufficient power for most upland game while providing a more comfortable shooting experience. Determining if the 20 gauge is the best gauge for upland hunting for you depends on your personal preferences and the game you typically pursue.
The 28 Gauge
This gauge occupies a unique position, often favored by those who appreciate a classic, lighter-weight shotgun with a refined feel. The 28 gauge is known for its smooth handling and relatively low recoil, making it a joy to shoot. Its lighter weight allows for a more agile and quicker swing, which can be advantageous when hunting fast-flying birds. The ammunition, although often more expensive and less readily available than 12 or 20 gauge shells, has seen advancements in recent years. The 28 gauge is very effective on smaller upland birds like quail and woodcock. However, its limited shot capacity and potential effective range make it less desirable for larger, tougher game like ringneck pheasants, especially at longer distances. The 28 gauge is a great option if you prioritize ease of carry and shooting comfort, but you’ll have to consider if it’s the best gauge for upland hunting of the larger species.
The .410 Bore
The smallest of the common upland hunting gauges, the .410 bore, is often touted as a beginner’s shotgun, and for good reason. Its low recoil makes it easy to handle, and its compact size is appealing to many. However, the .410 presents significant challenges for the upland hunter. The limited shot payload and relatively small shot diameter translate to a short effective range and a smaller pattern, making accurate shot placement critical. This gauge requires exceptional shooting skills and is often not the best choice for beginners, who may struggle with consistent accuracy. While effective for close-range shots on smaller birds, the .410 is generally not considered the best gauge for upland hunting of the larger species, especially at longer ranges. Experienced shooters seeking a significant challenge, or hunters primarily focusing on close-range opportunities, may find the .410 rewarding, but it is generally a niche choice.
Factors to Consider When Making Your Choice
The Game You Pursue
The species you intend to hunt is perhaps the most crucial factor. Consider the size and toughness of the birds. Quail, woodcock, and dove are generally smaller and can be successfully taken with the 20 gauge or even the 28 gauge. Pheasants, with their robust build and often challenging flight patterns, may require the greater power and range of the 12 gauge. Grouse, which often inhabit dense cover, present a closer-range shooting opportunity, making the 20 gauge a solid option.
The Hunting Terrain
The environment you hunt in directly impacts your gauge selection. In open fields where long shots are common, the 12 gauge, with its superior range, may be the best gauge for upland hunting. In dense cover, where shots are closer, the 20 gauge or even the 28 gauge might suffice. Consider the typical shooting distances and the types of shots you’re likely to encounter in your chosen hunting grounds.
Your Physical Attributes and Shooting Experience
Your size, strength, and recoil tolerance play a significant role. If you’re smaller-framed or sensitive to recoil, the 20 gauge or 28 gauge would be a better fit. Your shooting experience also matters. New hunters might benefit from the more manageable recoil of a smaller gauge, which allows them to focus on proper form and target acquisition. Experienced shooters often have a broader comfort range with all gauges.
Personal Preference
Ultimately, the best gauge for upland hunting is the one you’re most comfortable and confident with. Consider the weight and balance of different shotguns, how they fit your body, and the overall feel. If you find a shotgun that feels good in your hands and you shoot it well, you’ll likely be more successful and have a more enjoyable hunting experience. Also, consider the availability and cost of ammunition. This factor is particularly relevant if you intend to shoot frequently, as ammo costs can quickly add up.
Beyond the Gauge: Other Important Considerations
Shotgun Fit
Proper fit is paramount for accuracy and comfort. The shotgun should come up smoothly to your shoulder, with your eye naturally aligning with the bead on the barrel. If the gun doesn’t fit properly, recoil will be felt more intensely and your shooting accuracy will suffer. Visit a qualified gunsmith for fitting advice.
Choke Selection
Chokes control the spread of your shot pattern. For close-range shots in thick cover, a more open choke (like cylinder or improved cylinder) is often preferred. For longer shots in open fields, a tighter choke (like modified or full) will concentrate the shot pattern for increased range.
Ammunition Selection
Choosing the right ammunition is crucial. Consider the shot size and the type of shot (lead, steel, or other non-toxic options). The shot size should be appropriate for the game you’re hunting. Lead shot is still commonly used for upland hunting, though non-toxic options, required in some areas, are constantly improving.
Recommendations and Conclusion
So, what is the best gauge for upland hunting? The answer, as you’ve likely gathered, is: it depends. There isn’t a single “best” gauge that works for everyone or for every situation.
If you’re new to upland hunting or seek a versatile and manageable option, the 20 gauge is an excellent starting point. If you are pursuing larger birds such as pheasants at longer ranges and you are comfortable with a little extra weight and recoil, then the 12 gauge may be the most suitable choice. If ease of carry and comfort are your top priorities and you are primarily hunting smaller birds in relatively close cover, the 28 gauge could be a great fit. Consider the .410 bore only if you are an experienced shooter seeking a challenge or are primarily targeting smaller birds at very close ranges.
Regardless of your choice, prioritize practice. The more time you spend on the range, familiarizing yourself with your chosen gauge and its shooting characteristics, the more successful and confident you’ll be in the field.
Remember, the best gauge for upland hunting is the one that helps you enjoy the experience, respects the game you pursue, and allows you to create lasting memories in the beautiful world of upland hunting. Take your time, consider your needs and preferences, and choose the shotgun that best complements your hunting style. Enjoy the pursuit!
