Introduction
The AR-15. Its name evokes images of tactical operations, competitive shooting, and the inherent right to bear arms. It’s a rifle that embodies modularity, allowing customization to a degree rarely seen in other firearms. Beyond its aesthetic appeal and functional versatility, the AR-15 is a complex machine requiring diligent care and maintenance. Learning to break down an AR-15 isn’t just a hobby; it’s a fundamental aspect of responsible gun ownership. This guide provides a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to understanding and maintaining your AR-15, from initial disassembly to reassembly, cleaning, and troubleshooting.
Safety First
Safety is paramount when handling any firearm, and the AR-15 is no exception. Before even considering breaking down your rifle, ensure the utmost safety. This begins with verifying the weapon is unloaded.
First, remove the magazine. This seems basic, but it’s the first and most critical step. Next, visually inspect the chamber. Pull back the charging handle and lock the bolt to the rear. Physically look into the chamber to confirm that it is empty. Follow this up by running your finger along the interior of the chamber to feel for any remaining ammunition.
Once you’ve established a clear chamber, cycle the action again to verify. The bolt must be free of any obstruction. Only after these steps can you proceed with disassembly. A clean, well-lit workspace is essential. A sturdy table, free of clutter, provides a safe foundation. Consider using a gun cleaning mat to protect your rifle and the surface below. Good lighting is crucial; inadequate lighting can lead to mistakes.
Tools and Supplies
Appropriate tools make the task significantly easier and safer. While you can theoretically disassemble an AR-15 with basic tools, a dedicated tool kit enhances the process.
An AR-15 armorer’s wrench is invaluable for removing and tightening the barrel nut and other components. A quality punch set, including roll pin punches, is necessary for removing and installing pins without damaging the rifle. A complete AR-15 cleaning kit is a must-have. It should include a cleaning rod, a variety of bore brushes (for different calibers), and plenty of cleaning patches. Gun cleaning solvent is specifically formulated to remove carbon buildup and other contaminants. Quality gun oil or lubricant is essential for keeping the moving parts of your AR-15 functioning smoothly and reliably.
Optional tools that can further simplify the process include a bench vise, a brass or nylon hammer, and a dedicated AR-15 receiver block.
These tools are readily available at most gun stores and online retailers specializing in firearms and accessories. Investing in quality tools is an investment in the longevity and reliability of your AR-15.
Field Stripping the AR-15 (Basic Disassembly)
With safety protocols in place and tools prepared, you are ready to begin the process of breaking down an AR-15, starting with the basic field strip.
Separating the Upper and Lower Receivers
Begin by separating the upper and lower receivers. Locate the takedown and pivot pins on the lower receiver. These pins secure the upper and lower receivers together. Push the rear takedown pin out. This can typically be done with your fingers. If it’s tight, use a non-marring punch. Swing the upper receiver forward, pivoting on the front pivot pin. Now, gently separate the upper and lower receivers.
Removing the Bolt Carrier Group (BCG)
Next, remove the bolt carrier group. Grasp the charging handle and pull it to the rear, fully retracting the bolt carrier group. Gently push the bolt carrier group out of the upper receiver.
Removing the Charging Handle
Finally, remove the charging handle. With the bolt carrier group removed, you can now detach the charging handle from the upper receiver.
Lower Receiver Disassembly
The lower receiver also requires disassembly to fully maintain the AR-15.
Removing the Buffer and Buffer Spring
Begin by removing the buffer and buffer spring. The buffer spring is housed within the buffer tube (the tube at the rear of the lower receiver). Use a punch to depress the buffer retainer pin and remove the buffer tube. Carefully remove the spring and the buffer.
Removing the Magazine Catch and Bolt Catch
Next, remove the magazine catch. Using the appropriate punch, push out the magazine catch and remove the magazine catch spring and button.
Removing the Bolt Catch
Finally, remove the bolt catch. Once the pin that holds the bolt catch in place is removed, the bolt catch will come out.
Detailed Disassembly (Optional but Recommended for Cleaning and Maintenance)
The AR-15’s modular design means that you can go even further to completely take it apart for more thorough cleaning and maintenance.
Bolt Carrier Group Disassembly
This begins with the bolt carrier group itself, which can be broken down into its individual components. This thorough breakdown is essential for cleaning and removing carbon buildup. Remove the firing pin retaining pin. Then, remove the firing pin.
Removing the Cam Pin
Next, remove the cam pin. Rotate the bolt and remove the cam pin from the bolt carrier.
Removing the Bolt
Finally, remove the bolt itself.
Upper Receiver Component Breakdown
The upper receiver can be further disassembled. The first step involves removing the handguard. Depending on the type of handguard your AR-15 has, the removal process will vary. Some handguards are held in place by screws, while others use a delta ring and handguard cap. Consult your AR-15’s manual or research the specific handguard type before attempting to remove it.
Removing the Barrel
The next stage of this type of disassembly involves the barrel. Removing the barrel from the upper receiver typically requires the use of an AR-15 armorer’s wrench to loosen and remove the barrel nut. Be extremely careful when removing the barrel nut; improper technique can damage the upper receiver.
Removing the Gas Tube and Gas Block
Finally, disassembling the gas tube and gas block. Unscrew the gas tube from the upper receiver. Then remove the gas block.
Lower Receiver Component Breakdown
The lower receiver can also be broken down into its individual components. This detailed disassembly is often required for deep cleaning or to replace worn or damaged parts.
Disassembling the Fire Control Group
This includes taking apart the fire control group. The fire control group includes the trigger, hammer, disconnector, and associated springs and pins. Take your time and be mindful of the order in which you remove the components. It is recommended to have a parts diagram on hand to assist you.
Removing the Pistol Grip
Removing the pistol grip provides access to the trigger assembly. The pistol grip is typically secured by a screw that passes through the lower receiver. Once the screw is removed, the pistol grip can be detached.
Cleaning and Lubrication
After disassembling the components, the cleaning process should begin.
Cleaning the Barrel
The barrel is the heart of the AR-15, so cleaning it thoroughly is crucial. Use a cleaning rod and a bore brush dipped in gun cleaning solvent. Run the brush through the barrel from the chamber end to the muzzle end, scrubbing to remove any residue. Repeat this process several times. Follow with cleaning patches to dry and remove any remaining residue.
Cleaning the Bolt Carrier Group
The bolt carrier group also requires a thorough cleaning. Use a gun cleaning solvent to remove carbon buildup and fouling. Pay particular attention to the bolt carrier and bolt.
Cleaning the Upper and Lower Receivers
Clean the upper and lower receivers with a solvent. Be sure to remove any debris and lubricants.
Lubrication
Once everything is cleaned, apply lubricant. Lubrication is critical to ensuring the smooth function of the AR-15.
Key lubrication points include the bolt carrier group, the bolt itself, the charging handle channel, the buffer tube, and the trigger assembly. Apply a light coat of gun oil or lubricant to these areas.
Reassembly
After cleaning and lubrication, the process reverses, and the AR-15 is reassembled.
Step-by-Step Guide
Reverse the disassembly steps. Reassembly typically follows the reverse order of the disassembly process. Reassemble the bolt carrier group. Reinstall the charging handle. Reassemble the upper and lower receivers, starting with the charging handle, then the bolt carrier group, and, finally, connecting the upper and lower receivers.
Key Points to Remember
Important points during reassembly include ensuring all pins are properly seated and that the components are correctly aligned. Tighten all screws to the manufacturer’s specifications. Double-check all components to be sure they are securely installed.
Function Check
When reassembling, ensure the upper and lower receivers are properly aligned. The takedown and pivot pins should slide in easily.
After reassembly, perform a function check. Ensure the weapon functions correctly and safely. Pull back the charging handle and release it. The bolt should close completely. Cycle the charging handle several times to ensure smooth operation. Engage the safety. Pull the trigger to ensure it doesn’t fire. Release the safety and pull the trigger again. The hammer should fall.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Common problems that may arise are frustrating, but you can address them.
Stuck Cases
Sometimes spent cases will get stuck in the chamber. This often requires tapping the butt of the rifle against a hard surface to dislodge the casing.
Failure to Feed
Failure to feed can arise due to a number of factors, including a faulty magazine, worn or damaged feed ramps, or incorrect ammunition.
Failure to Extract
Failure to extract may be caused by a dirty chamber, a worn extractor, or insufficient lubrication.
Light Primer Strikes
Light primer strikes may be caused by a weak hammer spring, a dirty firing pin, or damaged primer.
Jamming and Malfunctions
Jamming and malfunctions can be caused by a combination of factors, often stemming from improper maintenance or the use of incompatible ammunition.
Conclusion
In conclusion, breaking down an AR-15 is a skill essential to responsible gun ownership and the longevity of your firearm. It’s not merely about taking apart a rifle; it’s about understanding its mechanics and ensuring its safe and reliable operation.
Remember that regular maintenance will keep your AR-15 running smoothly and prevent more serious issues. Practice the disassembly and reassembly process until it becomes second nature.
The information provided here is for informational purposes only. Always follow safety procedures. Improper handling and maintenance can result in accidental injury or death. If you are unsure about any step, consult with a qualified gunsmith or armorer.
