A Journey Through Time: The Roots of Iconic Cartridges
The crack of the shot, the smell of gunpowder, and the weight of history – these are elements that define the enduring appeal of classic firearms. For enthusiasts, collectors, and those interested in the evolution of weaponry, understanding the nuances of different cartridges is a crucial part of appreciating the craft. Among the many rounds that have shaped the landscape of firearms, the 45 Long Colt and the 45-70 Government stand out as legends. They represent different eras and purposes, yet both have left an indelible mark on the world of shooting. This article will explore these two iconic cartridges, dissecting their history, ballistics, performance, and applications to provide a comprehensive comparison for any shooter, hunter, or history buff.
The 45 Long Colt’s Beginning
The story of these cartridges begins with pivotal moments in firearm history. The 45 Long Colt, often simply referred to as the “.45 Colt”, originated in the mid-1870s. The design, intended for use in both revolvers and rifles, was born from a collaboration between Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company and the U.S. Army. The initial goal was a powerful and effective cartridge for the new revolvers being developed. The cartridge’s popularity exploded, quickly becoming a favorite of cowboys, lawmen, and civilians alike. It became synonymous with the American West, playing a central role in both legendary tales and real-life conflicts. The 45 Long Colt’s design was elegant and relatively advanced for its time, demonstrating the ingenuity of the era.
The Rise of the 45-70 Government
The 45-70 Government, officially the “.45-70-405” for its bullet weight and black powder load, was a product of the U.S. Army’s search for a more effective cartridge for its infantry rifles. Developed in the 1870s, it was a direct response to the shortcomings of previous ammunition used during the Civil War. The 45-70 quickly became the standard-issue round for the U.S. military, chambered in the iconic Springfield Model 1873 “Trapdoor” rifle. It was a significant leap in military technology, designed for increased range and stopping power on the battlefield. Beyond military use, the 45-70 proved to be a formidable hunting round, capable of taking down a wide variety of big game.
Understanding the Numbers: Examining Specifications and Ballistics
To properly compare these two cartridges, a close look at their specifications is necessary.
45 Long Colt’s Ballistic Profile
The 45 Long Colt typically fires a bullet that is .452 inches in diameter. Bullet weights vary, but common choices are around 250 to 255 grains. The case length is approximately 1.28 inches. The muzzle velocity from a revolver is often in the range of 750 to 900 feet per second (fps), depending on the load and firearm. The energy produced is typically around 300 to 450 foot-pounds at the muzzle. Due to its lower power, the effective range is relatively limited, usually around 100 yards for practical accuracy.
45-70 Government’s Ballistic Profile
The 45-70 Government has a bullet diameter of .458 inches, slightly larger than the 45 Long Colt. Bullet weights range from around 300 grains to over 500 grains, with 405-grain bullets being very common. The case length is significantly longer, at approximately 2.105 inches. This larger case allows for a much larger powder charge, resulting in significantly higher muzzle velocities, often reaching 1,300 to 1,500 fps, depending on the load and firearm. Muzzle energy can easily exceed 1,500 foot-pounds. The effective range is also extended, capable of accurate shots out to 300 yards or more.
When comparing these two rounds, the differences become readily apparent. The 45 Long Colt is inherently a more compact cartridge. The 45-70, however, is a powerhouse. This difference directly impacts their performance and applications. In simple terms, the 45-70 shoots heavier bullets, faster, and further.
Performance in Action: Different Roles for Different Rounds
The performance of each cartridge is closely tied to its intended use.
Situations Where the 45 Long Colt Excels
The 45 Long Colt’s compactness and moderate power make it an excellent choice for certain situations. Its ease of handling and relatively mild recoil makes it enjoyable to shoot. The inherent accuracy is excellent for target shooting and cowboy action competitions. The 45 Long Colt can be used for self-defense, especially at short ranges. However, it is essential to recognize its limitations. The lower power and shorter range mean it is not ideal for hunting larger game or engaging targets at extended distances. Its stopping power, while adequate in many self-defense scenarios, is significantly less than what a larger round can offer.
Scenarios That Benefit from the 45-70 Government
The 45-70 Government, on the other hand, thrives in situations requiring power and range. The cartridge is highly effective for hunting large and dangerous game, capable of delivering sufficient energy to ensure a quick and humane kill. Its long-range capabilities also make it suitable for target shooting at distances exceeding 200 yards. This round offers substantial knockdown power, making it effective against larger animals and potentially more capable in defensive situations requiring greater energy transfer. However, its disadvantages include heavier recoil, which can be difficult for some shooters to manage, and the size of the firearm typically chambered in 45-70. The larger size can make it less convenient to carry, but the power is undeniable.
The key to selecting the right cartridge is matching it to the task at hand. For Cowboy action, short-range personal defense, or historical shooting events, the 45 Long Colt can be a great choice. For hunting big game, longer-range target shooting, or if the situation requires maximum stopping power, the 45-70 Government is the superior option.
Guns and Ammo: What’s Available and How Much Will It Cost?
The availability of firearms and ammunition for these cartridges is another important consideration.
Finding Firearms Chambered in the 45 Long Colt
The 45 Long Colt remains incredibly popular, so firearms chambered in this caliber are easy to find. These include single-action revolvers, which are most strongly associated with the cartridge’s image, and lever-action rifles, perfect for a quick follow-up shot. The range of revolvers extends from modern reproductions of the classic Colt Peacemaker to more contemporary designs. Ammunition is also widely available, produced by numerous manufacturers. The prices range depending on the manufacturer, bullet weight, and type, but generally the 45 Long Colt is less expensive than the 45-70 Government.
Availability of Firearms Chambered in the 45-70 Government
The 45-70 Government has experienced a resurgence in recent years, and modern lever-action rifles are particularly popular for hunting. Several manufacturers produce these rifles in a variety of finishes and features. Single-shot rifles, which are often historical reproductions or custom-built, are also a common choice. Finding a rifle chambered in 45-70 is usually not a problem. Ammunition is produced by a variety of manufacturers, and while the price is a bit higher than the 45 Long Colt, it remains widely accessible. The cost is reflective of the larger case and heavier bullet used in the cartridge.
Feeling the Kick: Recoil and Handling Differences
Recoil is a critical factor in the shooting experience.
45 Long Colt’s Recoil Characteristics
The recoil of the 45 Long Colt is generally mild, especially compared to the 45-70 Government. The lower power of the 45 Long Colt and the weight of the firearm typically containing it, especially a revolver, contribute to this. Recoil is less punishing for beginners and allows for quicker follow-up shots. The handling of 45 Long Colt firearms is generally intuitive and easy. The size of the revolver is typically smaller.
45-70 Government’s Recoil Characteristics
The 45-70 Government, in contrast, has significantly more recoil. The heavy bullet and large powder charge generate a considerable kick, particularly when fired from a lighter rifle. This increased recoil can affect accuracy, especially for novice shooters, and can lead to fatigue after extended shooting sessions. The handling of 45-70 rifles can be a bit more complex due to their larger size and weight, so it’s essential to choose a rifle that fits the shooter. Proper technique is essential to manage the recoil effectively.
Conclusion: Making the Right Choice
The 45 Long Colt and the 45-70 Government, both testaments to a bygone era, have carved distinctive paths in firearm history. The 45 Long Colt represents the elegance of a classic revolver and offers ease of use for target practice or short-range situations. The 45-70 Government, on the other hand, embodies power and long-range capabilities suitable for hunting and military use. The choice between these cartridges boils down to intended use. If you prioritize historical accuracy, manageable recoil, and moderate power, the 45 Long Colt is a great choice. If you need greater power, longer range, and are comfortable with more recoil, the 45-70 Government is the more suitable option.
Ultimately, appreciating the differences between these rounds adds depth to a shooter’s understanding of the firearms they choose to use. Both of these legendary cartridges continue to hold a special place in the hearts of many, and the debates around them will continue for generations to come.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I interchange ammunition between the two cartridges?
Absolutely not! The cartridges have different dimensions and case lengths. Never attempt to chamber or fire 45-70 ammunition in a 45 Long Colt firearm, or vice versa, as this can be extremely dangerous.
Which cartridge is better for self-defense?
Both can be used for self-defense, but the 45-70 Government offers greater potential for stopping power, especially at longer ranges, but is less practical to carry and more difficult to wield in tight situations. The 45 Long Colt can be adequate at close range. The best choice depends entirely on the specific circumstances.
Which cartridge is better for hunting?
The 45-70 Government is the superior choice for hunting larger game, given its increased power and range.
How do the costs of ammo compare?
The 45 Long Colt ammunition is generally less expensive than the 45-70 Government ammunition. This difference is partially due to the larger amount of powder and the heavier bullets required for the 45-70.
