A Glimpse into the Past: Exploring the Origins
The story of the 45-70 Government begins in an era when black powder reigned supreme, an era filled with open plains, rugged frontiersmen, and a need for a reliable and potent cartridge. Born in the late 1800s, the 45-70, or more formally the .45-70-405, was developed for the U.S. Army. The numbers in its name paint a clear picture: a .45 caliber bullet, propelled by 70 grains of black powder. Its intended purpose was to provide soldiers with a powerful tool to stop charging horses, or bring down large game on the battlefield.
The legacy of the 45-70 runs deep, woven into the fabric of American history. It was the cartridge carried by soldiers during the Indian Wars, and its presence is felt in countless tales of survival, grit, and frontier life. The 45-70 became a favored hunting cartridge for many settlers, known for its ability to bring down big game. The simplicity and effectiveness of the 45-70 helped shape the West, and its popularity continues today.
The .460 S&W Magnum, however, has a different history, one rooted in modern innovation and the pursuit of extreme performance. Developed by Smith & Wesson in collaboration with Hornady, the .460 S&W was designed for the purpose of pushing the boundaries of handgun ballistics. The goals were clear: deliver a cartridge that offered exceptional range and power, particularly for hunting. The .460 S&W, introduced in the 21st century, represents a departure from the black powder era, with smokeless powder, more modern metallurgy, and increased velocity. It’s a cartridge designed to be a high-performance, long-range performer.
Examining the Specifications: Unveiling the Ballistic Secrets
One of the most critical areas to compare between these cartridges is ballistics. This is where the numbers truly tell the tale.
.45-70 Government Ballistics
The 45-70, with its historical roots, typically uses bullets that measure around .458 inches in diameter. The weight of the bullet can vary, but common weights are between 300 and 500 grains, each grain equivalent to 1/7000 of a pound. The velocity of these bullets depends greatly on the load. Loads featuring slower-burning powders are common, delivering muzzle velocities that may fall anywhere between 1,300 and 1,800 feet per second (fps) or more. The energy generated at the muzzle can range from around 1,800 foot-pounds to over 3,000 ft-lbs, depending on the load. Due to the relatively heavy bullets and modest velocities, the 45-70 exhibits a trajectory that is considered relatively arched. This means the bullet drops noticeably over distance, and careful consideration of range estimation and holdover is necessary at longer ranges.
.460 S&W Magnum Ballistics
The .460 S&W, on the other hand, has a bullet diameter that is the same, around .452 inches. Bullet weights typically fall in a similar range, although heavier bullet weights are available, which is why it’s an excellent choice for a big bore. However, the .460 S&W is designed to generate a higher muzzle velocity. Muzzle velocities are typically in the range of 1,800 to 2,300 fps or more depending on the bullet weight and powder. The energy levels are quite substantial, with some loads generating over 3,500 ft-lbs of energy at the muzzle. Because of the higher velocity, the .460 S&W offers a significantly flatter trajectory. The bullet drops much less over distance compared to the 45-70, which is a huge advantage for longer range shots.
Firearms and Ammunition: Navigating the Marketplace
The availability and types of firearms for these cartridges are important to consider.
Firearm Platforms for .45-70
The 45-70 has been chambered in various rifle platforms. The lever-action rifle is a classic, with models from manufacturers such as Marlin, Henry, and Winchester. Lever-actions are popular due to their rapid follow-up shots. Another platform includes single-shot rifles, such as the Ruger No. 1. These models are known for their accuracy and rugged design. Furthermore, some bolt-action rifles have also been produced in this caliber.
Firearm Platforms for .460 S&W
The .460 S&W is primarily found in revolver form. Smith & Wesson is the most well-known manufacturer of the .460 S&W revolvers, offering various models with different barrel lengths and features. There are also a very limited number of rifles that have been chambered for the .460 S&W.
When considering ammunition, availability and price are important. The 45-70 is a relatively common cartridge, and ammunition can be found at most gun stores. The cost per round is generally more affordable than .460 S&W, especially with the recent surge in the use of the big bore. The .460 S&W is also available, though it may be less widely stocked in some areas. The cost per round is generally higher. Both cartridges have a variety of factory loads with various bullet weights and types (e.g., lead, jacketed hollow point, solid).
Performance in the Field: Putting Theory Into Practice
The real test of any cartridge comes in the field, the moment of truth where performance counts.
Hunting Applications
In hunting applications, the 45-70 has established itself as a versatile and effective choice. It is often employed for medium to large game like deer, elk, black bear, and even moose at moderate ranges. The 45-70 offers a potent combination of power and accuracy, particularly within 200 yards, which makes it a good option for hunting. The 45-70 is also a good choice in areas with thick cover where shots are usually at a relatively shorter distance.
The .460 S&W shines in situations where long-range performance is required. Its flatter trajectory and higher retained energy make it an excellent choice for reaching out to hunt game at distances beyond what is typical for the 45-70. Game such as elk, moose, bear, and other large game can be harvested at longer ranges. It’s important to note that ethical hunting practices, including the ability to make a clean shot, are paramount, regardless of the cartridge used.
Target Shooting
In terms of target shooting, both cartridges offer a unique experience. The 45-70 provides a satisfying experience when shooting at a range. Its modest recoil makes it more comfortable for extended practice sessions. The .460 S&W, on the other hand, can be shot at long distances with relative ease. However, the recoil can be substantial, and this is why it is often reserved for experienced shooters.
Recoil and Handling
The aspect of recoil and handling is important. The 45-70 typically has more manageable recoil, especially when fired from a rifle. This makes it a good option for shooters of all experience levels. The .460 S&W’s recoil is noticeably heavier, especially from a revolver. This can lead to shooter fatigue and reduced accuracy if the shooter isn’t prepared.
Evaluating the Trade-offs: Weighing the Pros and Cons
Before making a choice, consider the advantages and disadvantages of each option.
Pros of the .45-70
The advantages of the 45-70 include its lower recoil, making it more comfortable to shoot for longer periods. It also offers a classic shooting experience, with a rich history and a sense of nostalgia. The 45-70 ammunition is generally more affordable. Furthermore, the 45-70 is readily available in a range of firearm styles, including classic lever-action rifles.
However, the 45-70 comes with certain limitations. Its trajectory isn’t as flat as the .460 S&W, and its effective range is relatively shorter.
Pros of the .460 S&W
The .460 S&W, with its higher velocity, offers a flatter trajectory, which is the primary reason why it’s the cartridge of choice for longer-range shooting. It also delivers a higher energy on target, which is beneficial for taking down game.
However, the .460 S&W has significant downsides. The recoil can be quite punishing, particularly from a handgun. Ammunition can be expensive, limiting the opportunity for frequent practice. Also, firearm choices are more limited.
Making the Decision: Finding Your Perfect Match
Choosing between the 45-70 and .460 S&W requires careful consideration of individual needs and priorities. The 45-70 is the champion for the hunter who values a comfortable shooting experience, moderate recoil, and good performance at typical hunting ranges. This classic cartridge offers a balance of power and manageability, and it’s excellent for shooting game within a few hundred yards.
The .460 S&W excels for hunters who prioritize long-range accuracy and exceptional power on target. The .460 S&W has the edge for those who want to extend their shooting range. It is important to be prepared for the heavy recoil, especially when shooting it from a revolver.
It is always best to experiment with both cartridges if possible. Visit a range, and compare how each cartridge feels. Talk to experienced shooters and hunters to gather additional insights.
Regardless of your choice, remember that responsible gun ownership, safe handling practices, and ethical hunting are paramount. Whether you choose the historical appeal of the 45-70 or the modern power of the .460 S&W, be prepared to embrace the raw power and experience that these big bores offer. The choice is yours.
