A Tale of Two Cartridges: Background and Evolution
The Enduring Legacy of the Twenty-Two Long Rifle
The 22 Long Rifle, a cartridge that has stood the test of time, boasts a history that stretches back to the late 19th century. It evolved from earlier 22 rimfire cartridges and was formally introduced in 1887. Its initial design prioritized simple manufacturing and low cost, making it an instant hit. The 22 LR’s design simplicity involved a lead bullet encased in a relatively short brass case, loaded with black powder. Early rounds were capable of velocities that, while considered slow by today’s standards, were remarkably effective for target practice and small game hunting at the time.
Over the years, the 22 Long Rifle has undergone continuous evolution, with improvements in bullet design, powder technology, and overall cartridge manufacturing. Today, it’s available in a vast array of bullet weights, from lightweight projectiles designed for extreme velocities to heavier rounds intended for enhanced penetration and accuracy at extended ranges. It also employs a variety of bullet types, including round nose, hollow point, and solid point designs, each optimized for different applications. The widespread availability, affordable price, and low recoil have made the 22 Long Rifle a favorite for plinking, training, and even competitive shooting. Its contribution to shooting sports and its continued relevance are undeniable.
The Rise of the Seventeen Hornady Magnum Rimfire
The 17 Hornady Magnum Rimfire, or 17 HMR, is a relative newcomer to the rimfire scene, making its debut in the early 2000s. It’s the brainchild of a collaboration between Hornady and Marlin Firearms. It was specifically created to address the perceived shortcomings of the 22 LR, particularly in terms of ballistic performance and range. The 17 HMR design essentially involves necking down a 22 Magnum case and loading it with a small, lightweight, high-velocity bullet, typically .17 caliber. This .17 caliber bullet is significantly smaller than the .22 caliber bullet used in the 22 LR.
The primary goal of the 17 HMR was to achieve a flatter trajectory, higher velocity, and improved accuracy. This was achieved by utilizing a much faster-burning powder and lighter bullets. The original intention was to produce a cartridge that would deliver exceptional accuracy at ranges beyond the typical effective distance of the 22 LR. The design allows for much greater range and flatter trajectories than what the 22 LR cartridge can deliver. The cartridge also offers the advantage of reduced wind drift, due to the higher velocity, making it a potentially more accurate round at longer ranges. It quickly gained popularity among hunters of small game and varmints.
Performance: A Clash of Ballistic Giants
Accuracy: Precision at the Forefront
One area where the 17 HMR often shines is in its inherent accuracy. The combination of a high-velocity, lighter bullet and its consistent manufacturing processes typically yields superior accuracy compared to the 22 LR. 17 HMR rifles are frequently designed with tighter tolerances and premium barrels to help facilitate greater accuracy. At typical rimfire ranges, the 17 HMR can often deliver groups that are tighter than the 22 LR, which is an advantage for target shooting and precise varminting.
However, it’s important to note that 22 LR rifles, especially those employing match-grade ammunition, can also be incredibly accurate. The quality of the ammunition used is a crucial factor for 22 LR. Consistency in bullet weight, powder charge, and overall cartridge construction are critical for accuracy. A high-quality 22 LR rifle with carefully selected ammunition can compete favorably with a 17 HMR rifle. However, the 17 HMR’s higher velocity and flatter trajectory often provide an advantage, particularly in windy conditions, where the bullet’s smaller profile is less affected by crosswinds.
Velocity and Trajectory: Reaching Out Further
The 17 HMR boasts a significant advantage in terms of muzzle velocity. Typical 17 HMR rounds travel at speeds that can exceed 2,500 feet per second (fps), whereas the 22 LR usually tops out around 1,300 fps. This dramatic difference in velocity translates to a much flatter trajectory for the 17 HMR. This flatter trajectory simplifies aiming, as shooters don’t need to compensate as much for bullet drop, particularly at longer distances.
The 22 LR, due to its slower velocity, experiences a more pronounced arch in its trajectory. This requires more precise aiming at longer ranges, and the bullet is more susceptible to wind drift. For a shooter who wishes to make precise shots out to, for example, 150 yards, the 17 HMR would likely be easier to use, due to its significantly flatter trajectory. This factor is especially beneficial in hunting situations, where making quick, accurate shots on moving targets is critical.
Energy and Terminal Ballistics: Power and Impact
While the 17 HMR’s bullet is smaller and lighter than most 22 LR rounds, its higher velocity can result in a comparable or even higher energy transfer upon impact, particularly at longer ranges. The 17 HMR’s energy levels drop less rapidly over distance. At the muzzle, the 17 HMR may generate around 150-200 foot-pounds of energy. The 22 LR generates around 100-150 foot-pounds. The 17 HMR bullet is also designed to fragment or expand upon impact, which can lead to more effective terminal performance in hunting or pest control situations.
The 22 LR, while carrying less energy at the muzzle, can still be devastating at close ranges. The 22 LR, particularly hollow point rounds, can effectively dispatch small game and pests with appropriate shot placement. The choice between the two cartridges in these situations can come down to the desired effect and ethical considerations regarding the dispatch of an animal. The selection of ammunition for both, of course, also plays a significant role.
Cost and Availability: Considerations for the Practical Shooter
Ammunition Costs: A Balancing Act
Generally, 22 LR ammunition is significantly more affordable than 17 HMR ammunition. This is due in part to the simpler manufacturing process and the sheer volume of 22 LR rounds produced globally. This low cost has contributed heavily to its status as one of the most popular cartridges in the world. The 17 HMR, on the other hand, being a more specialized round, has a higher production cost, leading to higher prices. Shooters on a tight budget may find that the 22 LR offers a more economical option for frequent practice and plinking.
Rifle Costs and Availability: Investment in Firearms
Rifles chambered in 22 LR are also typically more affordable than 17 HMR rifles. The 22 LR’s ubiquity means a wider selection of rifles is available, often at lower price points. This accessibility makes it a good option for beginners and casual shooters. The 17 HMR rifles, although they are common, tend to be priced higher, reflecting the more specialized nature of the cartridge. The cost of the rifle is also, of course, going to be dependent on the quality of manufacture, materials, and other factors.
Practical Applications: Choosing the Right Tool for the Task
Target Shooting: Precision and Fun
Both 22 LR and 17 HMR are well-suited for target shooting. The 22 LR’s low recoil and economical ammunition make it an ideal choice for beginners and those who enjoy high-volume practice. The 17 HMR, with its flatter trajectory and excellent accuracy, can provide a competitive edge in certain target shooting disciplines, particularly at longer ranges. The greater accuracy of the 17 HMR may also make it better suited for some target sports, such as benchrest shooting.
Hunting: Pursuing Game Ethically
The 22 LR is a popular choice for hunting small game such as rabbits, squirrels, and other varmints. Its relatively low power necessitates careful shot placement to ensure a clean and ethical kill. The 17 HMR, with its higher velocity and flatter trajectory, provides an expanded effective range. It is effective on slightly larger game, such as coyotes and prairie dogs. The choice will also depend on ethical concerns and local regulations. A hunter must select the most humane option available.
Pest Control: Effectiveness and Considerations
Both cartridges can be useful for pest control, but the choice will depend on the specific pest, range, and environmental considerations. The 17 HMR’s increased range and power can be advantageous for larger pests. However, considerations should be made for noise and potential over-penetration in populated areas. The 22 LR is often a quieter option, which can be crucial in certain environments.
Weighing the Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages of 17 HMR
Superior accuracy potential.
Flatter trajectory for easier aiming.
Higher velocity and greater effective range.
Good terminal ballistics for small varmints and game.
Less wind drift.
Disadvantages of 17 HMR
Higher ammunition costs.
More expensive rifles.
Louder report than 22 LR.
May fragment too easily, making it less desirable for penetration.
Advantages of 22 LR
Extremely affordable ammunition.
Wide variety of rifles available.
Low recoil.
Quieter report, which is suitable for some situations.
Disadvantages of 22 LR
Slower velocity and more bullet drop.
More susceptible to wind drift.
Limited effective range.
Less powerful than the 17 HMR, which requires careful shot placement.
Making the Right Choice for You
Ultimately, the “best” cartridge depends on your individual needs and preferences. Consider these guidelines.
For budget-conscious plinking and high-volume shooting: Choose the 22 LR. Its affordable ammunition makes it the ideal choice for hours of fun at the range.
For small game hunting at extended ranges and varmint control: The 17 HMR is an excellent option. Its accuracy and trajectory make it ideal for reaching out.
For target shooting competitions where extreme accuracy is paramount: Both cartridges can compete, but the 17 HMR’s flatter trajectory and higher velocity can offer a slight advantage at longer distances.
For beginners and those seeking a low-recoil training platform: The 22 LR reigns supreme. Its low recoil and ease of use make it a great choice for learning the fundamentals of shooting.
Conclusion: A Rimfire Legacy Continues
Both the 17 HMR and the 22 LR are excellent rimfire cartridges, each with its strengths and weaknesses. The 22 LR provides a long and reliable history, economy, and accessibility. The 17 HMR offers performance and accuracy. The choice will come down to prioritizing performance characteristics. When deciding, consider your budget, shooting goals, and the type of activities you most enjoy. By carefully evaluating these factors, you can select the cartridge that will provide you with the most satisfying and enjoyable shooting experience for years to come.
